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Release liners are a key component in medical products’ overall development and performance, for example, transdermal drug delivery systems, medical devices, advanced wound care dressings and pharmaceutical packaging products.
Release liners are required to offer consistent release performance and inertness in the end-use application while simultaneously adhering to increasingly strict regulatory criteria around performance, quality, purity and cleanliness.
It is imperative that careful evaluation and analysis be conducted to ensure the most appropriate release liner is chosen for a specific drug or medical product under development.
Adhesive formulations may contain a range of wetting aids, viscosity modifiers, tackifiers, fillers and other additives, any of which could affect release performance.
The drug loaded into the adhesive adds further unknowns and complications, meaning that it is important to determine the compatibility of the release liner materials with the pharmaceutical ingredients as early as possible.
The sheer range of factors involved in this process means that it is advisable to evaluate several candidate release liners as part of the medical liner selection process.
Figure 2. Schematic views of liners holding (a) a drug-loaded adhesive product, and (b) drug-filled reservoir. Image Credit: IEEE Globalspec.
Release liners fulfill several key roles in medical device manufacturing and pharmaceutical packaging – release liners package and protect a diverse array of products (Table 1).
Table 1. Release liner applications in drug delivery, medical device and pharmaceutical packaging products. Source: IEEE Global Spec
They often act as process carriers, allowing easier handling, conversion and assembly by ensuring that adhesive medical products do not stick together.
Release liners are comprised of a release coating on a paper or cloth substrate or a plastic film (Figure 4) – the latter being the most commonly used in medical release liners.
Figure 4. Sketch of medical release liner construction. Image Credit: IEEE GlobalSpec
These medical release liners are manufactured to precise coating weights on high-speed web coating or roll-to-roll machines in cleanroom environments. Once it has been deposited onto the substrate, UV light is used to set or dry the release liner coating.
The plastic films and substrates utilized in medical release liners are generally polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), polyester (PET), polypropylene (PP) or made from various fabrics.
It is important that the liner substrate offers appropriate mechanical properties such as elongation percentage, tensile strength and tear resistance in order to avoid breaks during handling and conversion processes. The film must be cut cleanly during any slitting, die-cutting and related converting steps.
Polyethylene and polyester substrates typically offer improved tear resistance. Polyethylene and polyester carrier films tend to be available in wider gauge ranges (100 to 2300 and 92 to 1400 gauge, respectively) than polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride films (~800 to 1000 gauge).
The release liner substrate must be rigid enough that healthcare professionals or patients can easily peel off the liner. Polyester typically offers improved die-cutting and kiss-cutting performance over PP, PVC and PE.
Some applications may require consideration to be given to other properties such as thermoformability, optical transmission or optical clarity.
For example, the optical clarity of the release may impact a medicine-filled dressing’s ability to be properly positioned over a wound while still allowing this to be monitored for any allergenic response.
Other designs may require the creation of a reservoir well by thermoforming the substrate material. Both polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride films can be thermoformed, while polyester substrates offer exceptional smoothness and optical clarity.
Table 2 details thicknesses, key properties and application suitability for a range of films employed in NORFILM™ medical grade release liners.
Table 2. NORFILM™ medical release liner film types, liner gauge availability and their key properties for drug delivery, medical device and pharmaceutical packaging applications. Source: Saint-Gobain FILMS & FABRICS
* Represents typical performance properties and should not be used for specification purposes.
A release liner’s functionality greatly depends on the release coating, which provides its non-stick or release characteristics. Silicone and fluorosilicone are the most used release coatings for medical release liners.
Release liners must possess consistent coating thickness levels to avoid silicone skip (too thin) and over-coating of silicone (too thick). Inconsistencies in coating thickness may result in issues with dispensing, patch or device movement and conversion.
It is important that the medical release liner avoid pre-dispensing – the liner must retain the drug delivery product or medical device until the liner is manually peeled off.
Release coatings may be UV-cured or thermal-cured. An optimum release coating will exhibit slow degradation and long shelf life, coupled with a high degree of chemical stability. It must also maintain consistent release properties throughout the medical product’s lifetime.
UV-cured release coatings offer a warranty and shelf life of 12 months, while thermal-cured coatings offer a 6-month warranty and shelf life.
Both UV- and thermal-release coatings offer good optical clarity, while release coatings may be water-based and solvent-free, solvent-based or completely solid.
It is possible to adjust a release liner’s release properties from easy, to moderate, to tight – while an easy release liner may be removed using minimal low peel force. A tight release liner necessitates the use of a higher peel force in order to remove the adhesive medical product.
Numeric peel or release force values are provided in force per length (g/in, cN/m or N/m). These values can be determined through the measurement of peel force at a controlled peel rate (in/min, cm/min).
Medical release liners can be provided with peel release levels between 5 to 200 g/in. Differential release liners feature release coatings on either side, which possess varying levels of release – a potentially useful feature for more sophisticated multilayer medical product constructions.
Single-coated release liners are suitable for the majority of medical applications, such as wound care dressings, transdermal drug delivery patches, surgical tape and electrodes.
The easy release is ideal for applications that use a soft silicone gel adhesive or delicate drug-loaded adhesive, as this helps reduce any risk of damage to the gel or adhesive.
Adhesives are viscoelastic materials, meaning that the peel or stripping rate can influence the effective release force.
A release profile can be used to plot the release force for a range of peel rates, though it is recommended to ensure a flat release profile so that release force is consistent when working with changing manufacturing processes or differing end-use peel forces.
Release properties can also be impacted by peel speeds, the adhesive used, temperature, time at temperature (Keil aging) and surface roughness.
Each manufacturer employs its own distinct release-level designations and test methods, so working with the same supplier throughout the selection process is recommended.
The adhesive must not transfer to the release coating or otherwise be retained, and the release coating must not transfer to the adhesive. The release coating is required to keep the adhesive tacky because any transfer could inhibit the adhesive’s stickiness or impair drug delivery.
The release liner is discarded in the majority of applications, but specific medical applications may necessitate its reuse, repositioning or reapplication, for example, sensors or TENS electrodes. In these applications, it may be necessary to peel an adhesive-coated medical device on and off the release liner.
A range of release coatings can be provided to accommodate specific medical adhesives or drug-loaded adhesives.
For example, silicone release coatings are suitable for use with polyisobutane (PIB), acrylic (polyacrylate) and polyisoprene (synthetic rubber) adhesives.
Silicone and soft silicone gel adhesives are seeing increased use in wound dressing applications and medical devices due to their gentler action, which results in less trauma on injured tissue or other delicate skin. Silicone adhesives do require the use of a fluorosilicone release coating, however.
Table 3. Suitability of silicone and fluorosilicone release coatings for several adhesives commonly used in medical applications. Source: IEEE GlobalSpec.
A medical liner with appropriate film type, thickness, release level and other relevant properties can ensure a product’s operational and technical success, but regulatory success is a more complex issue.
A medical product is not permitted to go to market without appropriate regulatory compliance and approval.
Release liners employed in a medical product are required to meet relevant food and drug contact regulations and standards; for example, FDA CFR 177.160, USP, Ph.Eu. and EDQM.
There are also regulations like USP 467 in place that legislate a liner’s purity or levels of contaminants (including metal, monomer and solvent residuals) to ppm concentrations (Table 4).
Table 4. UPS 467 Class 2 residual solvents ppm levels. Source: Table 2 in USP 467
* Usually 60% m-xylene, 14% p-xylene, 9% o-xylene with 17% ethyl benzene.
BSE/TSE requirements state that the release liner must be free of animal-based raw materials. It should also be able to withstand EtO, UV or thermal sterilization regimes designed to meet microbial limits without suffering any property degradations.
It is also important that the release coating does not transfer, leach out additives or otherwise contaminate medicine in a reservoir, a drug-loaded adhesive or monolithic matrix.
The release liner should also be able to avert medicine leakage from a drug reservoir, and it should not extract or react with any of said medicine in a reservoir or a monolithic matrix.
Manufacturers and users of medical liners must be aware of additional compliance restrictions around REACH and the liner being free of allergens, latex, phthalates and melamine.
A specific medical packaging product may be awarded permitted status or a broader approval status. FDA approval affirms testing of the raw materials for compliance. Permitted materials have been reviewed and are considered to be free of harmful effects for certain FDA categories.
Medical release liners should be able to demonstrate an FDA DMF (Type III Packaging) status before being incorporated into pharmaceutical packaging or a medical device.
A Drug Master File (DMF) includes comprehensive documentation on the raw materials, formulation, processing, testing and analysis of a medical release liner, confirming that this meets all required FDA regulations and standards.
The Drug Master File often features proprietary information, so its contents remain confidential between the FDA and the liner OEM. Any medical manufacturer OEM incorporating a release liner into a medical product will refer to the DMF for the liner in its drug application to the FDA or other notified body.
Within this reference, the release liner OEM will provide a Letter of Authorization, allowing the medical manufacturer OEM to reference the DMF numbered product as part of the drug application.
Manufacturers of medical release liners frequently partake in thorough audits of quality management systems and facilities to ensure compliant processes.
Full GMP manufacturing is not required because release liners are deemed an inactive packaging product by the FDA. Despite this, medical release liners must be manufactured in cleanrooms that are free of pests and microbial contamination.
There are several factors that must be considered when selecting a medical release liner. The release liner must be strong enough to withstand conversion, handling and assembly throughout the various stages of medical device manufacturing.
The correct degree of rigidity allows the release liner to be peeled off the pressure-sensitive adhesive with ease, while the optimum release coating type will be influenced by the desired release level, the adhesives in use and the medicine being released.
All medical release liners are required to have FDA DMF status. The use of a release liner without DMF status is not recommended, as this can impede or disrupt the regulatory approval process for a medical product.
Figure 6. Factors for medical release liner selection. Image Credit: IEEE GlobalSpec.
Medical liner selection should begin with the sampling and testing of several release liner samples in product assemblies. This should be completed using the actual adhesive or drug-loaded adhesive formulations.
Once the range of challenges around design, approval and implementation of products using a medical liner has been fully considered, a liner can be selected.
It is advisable to work with a competent, experienced release liner OEM such as Saint-Gobain Films and Fabrics from the beginning of the development process in order to maximize performance, reduce costs and better troubleshoot problems.
There are several recommended steps for selecting a medical release liner. These include:
The selection of a widely-recognized, reliable and robust release liner supplier is essential. The supplier should ideally offer a broad product portfolio and custom engineering capability and should be able to rapidly respond and provide a solution to any medical liner implementation issues throughout the product development process.
When a suitable, reliable, high performance medical release liner system has been selected for an application, it is also important to maintain product quality and minimize product variability by working with a single release liner OEM, such as Saint-Gobain Films and Fabrics.
We are a leading multi-materials solutions company focused on solutions that enable better outcomes across the industry and daily life of us all. Leveraging cutting-edge process technologies and customer insights, we use a broad range of advanced materials to develop high-performance polymer composites. We manufacture products, develop multi-material solutions or help our customers to integrate their systems, whether our customers: look for consistent release and efficiency improvements; build components for energy efficiency; want to protect against harmful conditions; maintain purity of their products or are looking to design equipment with highest level of signal integrity.
Saint-Gobain FILMS & FABRICS has a worldwide footprint with 7 industrial sites and a commercial and technical presence in all six continents; we also benefit from Saint-Gobain group's state-of-the-art Research & Development facilities located in France, USA, China, and India on top of the specific development capabilities we have in our Films & Fabrics manufacturing plants. We leverage on those capabilities to design multi-material solutions suited to your local or global needs in multiple markets and applications that withstand the most extreme conditions.
Composites, Polymers, Multimaterials, and Engineering
Produced from material originally authored by IEEE GlobalSpec.
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Last updated: Jan 26, 2022 at 8:35 AM
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